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Halfback (American football)
A halfback is the holder of an offensive position in American football whose duties involve lining up in the backfield〔(Halfback lineup in a play ) archived from NFL.com〕 and carrying the ball on most running plays in formations such as the veer variant of the wishbone. When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield, and especially when that player is placed behind another player (usually a blocking back), as in the I formation, that player is instead referred to as a tailback (see Early offensive backfields below).〔http://www.usafootball.com/resource-center/coaching/coaches-guide/?id=17&p=37〕,〔(Halfback info ) at about.com〕 Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the halfback position was both an offensive and defensive position. In the related sport of Canadian football, halfback is usually a defensive rather than offensive position since the 1980s, though used to also refer to an offensive position similar to a slotback that could line up off the tight end or behind the quarterback. Some systems require the half back be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well. A halfback famous for his passing ability was Marcus Allen, who threw 6 touchdown in the NFL.
==Early offensive backfields==
Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the offensive backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play: a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a fullback. The quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back.〔Quarterback〕
The sport's first triple threat, Bradbury Robinson of St. Louis University, ran, passed, received and punted out of the halfback position. It was as a halfback that Robinson threw the first legal forward pass to teammate Jack Schneider in a game at Carroll College on September 5, 1906.
Now that most offensive formations have only one or two running backs, the original designations do not mean as much, as the fullback is now usually a lead blocker (technically a halfback), while the halfback or tailback (called such because he stands at the "tail" of the I) lines up behind the fullback.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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